Ahmad Abousud , E., and M. Ibrahim Araibi. “Toward a Risk-Calibrated Civil Liability Framework for Personal Data Breaches: A Comparative Study of Saudi, Jordanian, and EU Law”. Qubahan Academic Journal, vol. 6, no. 2, May 2026, pp. 311-38, doi:10.48161/qaj.v6n2a2514.